A Transforaminal Nerve Root Block is a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat pain caused by nerve root irritation or inflammation in the spine. It involves injecting medication (usually a steroid and anesthetic) into the area around a specific nerve root as it exits the spinal canal through the neural foramen (the opening on the side of the vertebra).

Both vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are minimally invasive procedures used to treat vertebral compression fractures, especially those caused by osteoporosis, trauma, or tumors. They help stabilize the fractured vertebra, reduce pain, and restore spine height (more so with kyphoplasty).

Spinal biopsy surgery is a procedure to collect a small sample of bone, disc, or soft tissue from the spine for diagnostic purposes. It helps identify infections, tumors, or other abnormalities when imaging alone is inconclusive.